ASTM A335 P91 Pipe Nkyerɛkyerɛmu (Chrome Moly Pipe) .

Tumi ne refinery piping akuo taa dan kɔ ASTM A335 P91 so bere a nhwɛsoɔ bi a wonim no da adi no: nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew kɔ soro, nhyehyɛɛ nhyɛsoɔ kɔ so yɛ kɛseɛ, na P22 anaa P9 tumi di ahwehwɛdeɛ ho dwuma wɔ ɔfasuo afã a ɛyɛ den paa nko ara. Saa bere no, emu duru, mmoa adesoa ne bere tenten-creep nkwa nyinaa bɛyɛ den sɛ wobedi so.

Tebea horow a ɛtaa ba a P91 bɛyɛ ade a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔde di dwuma no bi ne:

• Main steam ne hot reheat lines wɔ supercritical ne ultra{0}}supercritical units mu
• Nhyɛsoɔ a ɛkorɔn-ɔhyeɛ a ɛkorɔn-ɔhyeɛ atiri wɔ HRSG ne afifideɛ a wɔaka abom-kyinhyia mu
• Steam tenten tu mmirika wɔ baabi a P22 ɔfasu no mu duru bɛyɛ dodo na ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛyɛ
• Life-ntrɛwmu nnwuma a wɔde P22 nsuo afiri dedaw no kɔ soro kɔ nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew tebea a ɛkorɔn mu

Sɛ yɛbɛka no yiye a, P91 taa yɛ abasobɔde a ɛma adwumfo tumi yɛ saadu ɔhyew, nhyɛso ne nkwa nna nyinaa botae ahorow hobere a ɛda so ara kura ɔfasu no mu duru wɔ baabi a fabrication, handling ne installation betumi adi ho dwuma ankasa.

Ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔpaw P91 esiane sɛ epue wɔ katalog bi mu nti; wɔpaw no esiane baabi a ɛtra so ntiASME a wɔma ho kwan adwennwen curvesne creep-rupture data. Sɛ wɔde toto P22 ne P9 ho a, grade no ma mfaso a ɛda nsow wɔ adwennwen a wɔma ho kwan mu wɔ 540–620℃band a nnɛyi steam nhyehyɛe pii yɛ adwuma wɔ mu no mu.

Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛsɛ sɛ wosusuw ho bere a worekyerɛkyerɛ P91 ɔsom mfɛnsere no mu no:

• Dade hyew a wɔde yɛ nhama titiriw ne nea ɛyɛ hyew a wɔde san yɛ hyew no taa kɔ fam540–620 digrii, a egyina sɛnea wɔayɛ boiler ne cycle no so.
• Wɔ ɔhyew biara a wɔde ama mu no, P91 ma nea ɛkorɔn kɛseadwennwen a wɔma ho kwan, a ɛma aduan tẽẽ kɔ ɔfasu-mu duru akontabuo a ɛsua koraa a wɔhwehwɛ mu.
• Afasu a ɛyɛ tratraa brɛ ne ho{0}}mu duru ase, bere a ɛkotow wɔ nhyɛase so ne fa{1}}fasu mu ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro, nanso ɛnnyi hia a ehia sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae ne ntrɛwmu nhwehwɛmu a ɛfata no mfi hɔ.
• Afifide a nkwa tenten-taa yɛ nhyehyɛe mannɔnhwerew 100,000 anaa nea ɛboro saaof creep life na afei wɔde bere–ɔhyew–adwennwen ho nsɛm a wɔapene so si so dua sɛ ɛfata.

Room-temperature tensile values ​​ma mfitiaseɛ. Ahwehwɛdeɛ a wɔtaa hwehwɛ (a ɛkyerɛ, hwɛ ASTM/ASME a ɛtwa toɔ no sɛdeɛ wɔde adwuma no bedi dwuma) ne:

Table 1 – Typical dan-ɔhyew mfiri su ma P91 seamless paipu (kyerɛ) .

*Nsonsonoe a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ no bedi ASTM A335 a aba foforo ne ASME koodu nkyerɛase ahorow a ɛfata akyi.

Saa akontabuo yi bɛyɛ nea nteaseɛ wɔ mu kɛseɛ berɛ a wɔde abata nhyɛsoɔ pon a ɛkorɔn-ɔhyeɛ a wɔma ho kwan a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nhyehyɛɛ mu no ho.

Wɔ dade mu no, ASTM A335 P91 nyɛ "P22 a ɛyɛ den" kɛkɛ; ɛyɛ ne dea9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb abufuw martensitic abusua. Wɔde abasobɔde no asi nsusuwii abiɛsa a ɛka bom so:

• Basaa9% Cr + 1% Mo., na ɛwɔ hɔma oxidation resistance ne baseline high-ɔhyew ahoɔden.
• Nneɛma a wɔde aka hoV, Nb ne Nbɔ carbides pa ne carbonitrides a ɛboa bere tenten-bere tenten creep resistance.
• A a wɔhyɛ sonormalize-ne-temper ɔhyew ayaresama martensitic microstructure a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ hyew ba.

Table 2 – Nnuru a wɔtaa de yɛ ASTM A335 P91 (nsɛm a wɔde gyina so) .

Owura no ho nsɛm taa ma anohyeto ahorow yi mu yɛ den denam:

• Maxima a ɛba fam a wɔde besi hɔ ama nneɛma a aka te sɛ Sn, Sb, As ne Cu de abrɛ abufuw a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ase
• Ntrɛwmu a wɔma ho kwan no a wɔbɛtew so ama V, Nb ne N ma ayɛ den-bere tenten creep suban wɔ ɔhyew ntam
• Ɛkyerɛ refining adeyɛ ne ɔhyew-treatment parameters ma circuits a ɛho hia

Botae a ɛwɔ ase ne afine, homogeneous na abufuw-stable martensitic microstructurea ɛdannan nkakrankakra na wotumi hyɛ ho nkɔm wɔ bere tenten-ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn-ɔhyew som ase.

Esiane sɛ P91 de ne ho to martensitic nhyehyɛe a wɔde ahwɛyiye ayɛ a ɛkari pɛ so nti, ɔhyew biara a wontumi nni so bere a wɔreyɛ no betumi asesa ne suban wɔ ɔsom mu. Ɛwom mpo sɛ paipu no ankasa yɛ nea ɛnyɛ den de, nanso ɛsɛ sɛ wɔda so ara di sotɔɔ a wɔhyehyɛ, ɔhyew benkum ne mpɔtam hɔ ɔhyew ho dwuma wɔ ɔhyew mfɛnsere a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu mu.

Nsɛntitiriw a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔyɛ ne sɛnea wɔde di dwuma ho ne:

Delivery tebea

Wɔde P91 seamless pipe ma wɔ normalised-ne-tempered tebea mu. Ɛnsɛ sɛ ɔhyew a wɔde yɛ adwuma a edi hɔ no boro mfitiase normalizing temperature no so gye sɛ wɔayɛ nhyehyɛe na wɔakyerɛw re-normalise-ne-temper cycle a edi mũ.

Bending ne forming

Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔma ɔhyew anaa induction bending akwan no fata sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a awiei koraa no hardness, ahoɔden ne impact su bɛkɔ so atra specification mu. Nhyɛso anaa ɔhyew a ɛboro so betumi ama ɔdan no ayɛ mmerɛw wɔ mpɔtam hɔ na ama ahoɔden a ɛtwetwe no so atew.

Mpɔtam hɔ ɔhyew ne adwennwen ano aduru

Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ ɔhyew a wɔde yɛ mpɔtam hɔ biara a wɔde teɛteɛ nsusuwii anaasɛ adwennwen ano aduru so koraa na wɔkyerɛw to hɔ. Wɔmma ɔhyew a wɔde kanea yɛ tiawa a wontumi nni so no abam efisɛ ebetumi ama mmeae a ɛyɛ hyew dodo anaasɛ ɛyɛ den dodo.

Mfiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma ne nea wɔde twa

Akwan a wɔfa so twa ɔhyew mu no hia sɛ wodi ɔhyew a edi kan, ahoɔhare a wɔde twa ne nea wɔde twitwiw akyiri yi so yiye na wɔakwati rim a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Wɔtaa pɛ sɛ wɔde awɔw twa ne mfiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma wɔ baabi a mfaso wɔ so ma amansin a ɛho hia.

Nneɛma a wɔkora so ne sɛnea wodi ho dwuma

Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛboa bere tenten-ahotoso no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkora P91 paipu so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkwati sɛ wɔbɛsɛe ade wɔ soro, mfiri agyiraehyɛde a emu dɔ ne nsɛe a wontumi nni so, titiriw wɔ mmeae a nhyɛso kɛse te sɛ benk ne nsakrae.

Wɔ nnwuma pii mu no, wɔde ahwɛyiye fata akwan a wɔfa so yɛ P91 afã horow no te sɛ nhyehyɛe ho akontaabu, esiane sɛnea aduru no te nka wɔ ɔhyew abakɔsɛm ho nti pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma wie a, P91 afã horow a ɛwɔ nsu a ɛyɛ hyew nhyehyɛe mu no taa sɛe denamcreep, oxidation ne ɔhyew mu ɔbrɛ, sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ huammɔdi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw mpofirim. Enti nhwehwɛmu akwan no twe adwene si mmeae a ɛda adi sɛ ɛbɛka ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro, nhyɛso a ɛkɔ soro ne geometric concentration abom kɛse no so.

Mmeae a wɔtaa de wɔn adwene si nhwehwɛmu so no bi ne:

Mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew ne mmeae a dade a ɛyɛ hyew kɛse wɔ

Wɔde afã horow a dade hyew a ɛkɔ soro wɔ mpɔtam hɔ sen nhyehyɛe no nnyinaso-te sɛ mmeae a insulation a ɛnyɛ papa anaasɛ ɛbɛn ɔhyew fibea-ma di kan kɛse wɔ nhwehwɛmu nhyehyɛe mu.

Bends ne akwankyerɛ a ɛsakra

Bends nya fiber nhyɛso ahorow wɔ intrados ne extrados bere a wɔreyɛ adwuma no na ebetumi aboaboa creep strain ano ntɛmntɛm sen mmirikatu tẽẽ.

Baa dwumadibea nkitahodi ne nozzles

Nsakrae a ɛba ɔfã ne geometry mu no ma mpɔtam hɔ nhyɛso dodow ba. Bere kɔ so no, eyinom betumi abɛyɛ mmeae a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ creep deformation ne mpaapaemu.

Nneɛma a wɔboa ne nea wɔde siw ano

Nneɛma a wɔde gyina so a ɛnsɛ anaasɛ ɛyɛ den dodo betumi asiw ɔhyew ntrɛwmu ano na ɛde nhyɛso a ɛto so abien a ɛma ɔsɛe ntɛmntɛm wɔ mmeae a ɛne ne ho di nkitaho ne paipu fasu a ɛbɛn hɔ no aba.

Wobetumi de nsɛm a efi MT/PT/UT/RT, hardness re-checks ne replica metallography aka adwumayɛ abakɔsɛm ho de asi gyinae sɛ ebia mpɔtam hɔ asiesie, component replacement anaa asetra mu nhwehwɛmu a ɛkɔ akyiri fata.

Sɛ́ anka wobebu P22, P9 ne P91 sɛ ahoɔden antweri a ɛnyɛ den no, mfiridwumayɛfo pii ne wɔn di sɛmmuae ahorow a wɔde ma wɔ ɔhyew ne asetra mu nsɛmmisa ahorow ho.

Table 3 – Adwene mu ntotoho a ɛfa P22, P9 ne P91 ho

*Wɔde ASME adwennwen a wɔma ho kwan, nhyehyɛe ho mmara ne owura gyinapɛn ahorow na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ anohyeto ankasa mu.

Nhwɛsoɔ a ɛtaa ba wɔ afifideɛ foforɔ a ɛkorɔn-parameter mu ne:

• P91 ma main steam, ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew bio ne key high-pressure headers
• P22 anaa P9 ma nhama a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛba fam-ɔhyew
• Lower-alloy nneɛma ma afã horow a ɛyɛ nwini anaa ɛyɛ hyew a ɛkɔ akyiri wɔ asubɔnten no ase

Afei wɔde nneɛma a ɛfata, nhyɛsoɔ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkɔ akyiri ne nhwehwɛmu a wɔama anya nkɔsoɔ wɔ ntamgyinafoɔ no di nneɛma ahodoɔ ntam nsakraeɛ ho dwuma.

Mfiridwuma ho nkrataa a emu da hɔ wɔ asɛmmisa fã no ho hia ma P91 a wotumi de ho to so a wɔde ma ne nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛnyɛ den a wɔyɛ. Nneɛma a wɔtaa yɛ a mfiridwumayɛfo ne adetɔfo kyerɛ no bi ne:

• Gyinapɛn ne mmara nkyerɛase ahorow a ɛfata (ASTM A335 Grade P91, ASME afã horow ne nhyehyɛe mmara ahorow) .
• Kɛseɛ dodoɔ: abɔnten ntwemu, ɔfasuo no mu duru ne ne tenten, a ɔfasuo mu nneɛma a emu yɛ duru-fasuo anaa benks biara a wɔbɛyɛ afiri paipu no mu ka ho
• Delivery tebea: normalized na tempered, ne akwanhwɛ biara a edi hɔ ma ɔhyew ayaresa wɔ prefabricated components
• Chemistry anohyeto ahorow, a residual element specifications biara a ɛyɛ den a efi owura no hɔ ka ho
• Mfiri ne sɔhwɛ foforo: tensile, impact, hardness, ne sɔhwɛ biara a ɛfa bere tenten-term creep-a ɛfa ho a adwuma no hwehwɛ
• NDE scope ma pipe nipadua no (s.e. volumetric examination for critical lines), a gye a wogye tom ne amanneɛbɔ kwan ka ho
• Ahosiesie a ɛba awiei, dimensional tolerances ne marking / traceability ahwehwɛde ahorow
• Ɛhia sɛ obi a ɔtɔ so mmiɛnsa-di adanseɛ anaa nhwehwɛmu (sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no BV, SGS anaa akuo foforɔ a wɔayi wɔn) .

Wɔ ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn-suo a ɛyɛ hyew nhyehyɛe a wɔasisi atwa ASTM A335 P91 paipu a enni nhama ho ahyia ho no, Octal Pipe betumi de chrome moly paipu ama wɔ akɛse ne tebea horow a wɔakyerɛ no mu, ayɛ sɔhwɛ ne nkrataa ne adwuma no su nhyehyɛe no abom, na ayɛ nhyehyɛe ma nnipa a wɔto so abiɛsa-ɔhwɛ wɔ baabi a ɛho hia sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a adansedi nkrataa, sɔhwɛ amanneɛbɔ ne NDE kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow bɛka owura no ho yiye QA/QC ne bere tenten-agyapade sohwɛ nhyehyɛe.

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