API 5L X70 Welded Line Pipe Nkyerɛkyerɛmu

 

API 5L line pipe grades kata ahoɔden a ɛtrɛw;X70gye soro band a designers da so ara betumi afata afuw welding akwan a mfaso wɔ so. Gas nhama a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri-kwan pii ne nsuo afiri a wɔde kɔ amannɔne kɔ X70 titire kɔtwa ɔfasu no mu duru ne dade tɔna ɛntew nhyɛso a wɔde yɛ adwuma no so. Saa ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn ne weldability a wotumi di so a wɔaka abom no kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a X70 taa si X60/X65 ananmu wɔ akwan foforo a ɛwɔ tumi a ɛkorɔn so.Typical design drivers include:

• Nhyɛso a ɛkorɔn a wɔde yɛ adwuma ma gas a wɔde fa akyirikyiri-kyirikyiri
• Fa nsu afiri mu duru so tew wɔ asase a ɛyɛ mmerɛw anaa asase a ɛyɛ den so
• Ntrɛwmu a wɔde kɔ amannɔne a ɛbata mpoano nkɔso a ɔkwan tenten ma dade ho ka yɛ kɛse no ho
• Looping anaa uprating dedaw corridors bere a ma ɔfasu no mu duru tra anohyeto a wotumi si mu

Sɛ adwuma bi to X70 mu pɛ a, nneɛma a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ mu no taa kyerɛkyerɛ muPSL level, welded afiri kwan ne coating adwenebom, afei ɔde NDT, nkrataa ne adansi ho ahwehwɛde ahorow a ɛtwa saa paw titiriw no ho hyia ka ho.

 

 

 

 

Nwoma a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm maAPI 5L X70 weld nhama paipuyɛ API 5L gyinapɛn, a ɛne ISO 3183 hyia.Adwuma no ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu taa hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ saa nkabom yi mu biako:

• X70 PSL1– welded line pipe ma amansan nkrasɛm som
• X70 PSL2 na ɛwɔ hɔ– welded line pipe a tighter composition anohyeto, toughness gyinapɛn ne traceability

API 5L kata nneɛma a ɛnyɛ den ne nea wɔde weld ayɛ nyinaa so, nanso akyirikyiri-kwansin, akɛse-diameter nhyehyɛe ahorow no de wɔn ho to so kɛsewɔde weld ayɛ X70. Wɔ PSL2 welded pipe ho no, adwuma no ho nkrataa taa ka sɛ:

• Delivery tebea (TMCP anaa Q + T, egyina mprɛte / coil kwan so)
• Ahwehwɛde Charpy nkɛntɛnso ɔhyew ne absorbed ahoɔden
• NDT scope ne frequency ma weld seam ne paipu nipadua
• Traceability mmara fi dade ɔhyew so kosi paipu a wɔawie so, a nea efi sɔhwɛ mu ba ne nea wɔde kata so ho kyerɛwtohɔ ka ho

Afei Mill nhyehyɛe ne nhwehwɛmu & sɔhwɛ nhyehyɛe (ITPs) kyerɛ saa ahwehwɛde ahorow yi ase kɔ adeyɛ anammɔn ne nhwɛsode nhyehyɛe mu.

 

 

Adeɛ a ɛda nsow wɔ X70 mu ne ne...a wɔakyerɛ sɛ ahoɔden a ɛba fam koraa a ɛbɛma aba (SMYS) .firi70,000 psi (≈ 485 MPa) na ɛwɔ hɔ.wɔ API 5L ase. Saa aba a ɛkɔ soro yi ne nea ɛma adwumfo tew ɔfasu no mu duru so bere a wɔde toto X60/X65 ho wɔ adwini nhyɛso koro no ara mu.

Table 1 – Mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a ɛsua koraa a wɔtaa yɛ (nsɛm a wɔde gyina so):

Aba	PSL Level a ɛwɔ hɔ	Min. Ahoɔden a Ɛma Aba SMYS (MPa) .	Min. Ahoɔden a Ɛma Ntwetwe SMTS (MPa) .	Ntrɛwmu a ɛtaa ba (%) .
X60	PSL1 / PSL2 na ɛwɔ hɔ	Ɛboro anaasɛ ɛne no yɛ pɛ 415	Ɛboro anaasɛ ɛne no yɛ pɛ 520	≈ 21
X65	PSL1 / PSL2 na ɛwɔ hɔ	Ɛboro anaasɛ ɛne no yɛ pɛ 450	Ɛboro anaasɛ ɛne no yɛ pɛ 535	≈ 20–22
X70	PSL1 / PSL2 na ɛwɔ hɔ	Ɛboro anaasɛ ɛne no yɛ pɛ 485	Ɛboro anaasɛ ɛne no yɛ pɛ 570	≈ 18–21

High-ahoɔden nhyehyɛe nkyerɛkyerɛmu:

• SMYS a ɛkorɔn ma afasuo a ɛyɛ tratraa tumi yɛ adwuma wɔ nhyɛsoɔ bi a wɔde ama mu, nanso afei adwini akuo no hwɛ ovality, mpɔtam hɔ buckling ne abɔnten nnesoa so yie, titire ma wɔasie ne offshore service.
• Wɔde SMTS ne akontabuo a wɔde hwɛ mpaapaemu so ka ho de hwɛ mpaapaemu a wɔkyere no suban, a ɛho hia wɔ gas nhama a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri-kyirikyiri so.
• Ɛsɛ sɛ elongation kɔ so dɔɔso ma awɔw afuw bending, tie-ins ne asase a ɛkɔ; nnwuma pii fata bends ne girth welds wɔ ananmusifo X70 paipu ansa na full production welding afi ase.

PSL2 X70 nnwuma taa kyerɛCharpy V-notch nkɛntɛnso sɔhwɛ ahorowwɔ ɔhyew a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu mu. Fasuo a emu yɛ duru-fasuo ne gas a wɔde fa nsuo mu no taa de ka hoDWTT (drop-weight tear sɔhwɛ ahorow) .sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛboa abubuw a ɛtrɛw no sohwɛ.

 

 

Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ nneɛma di dwuma titiriw wɔ sɛnea X70 yɛ adwuma bere a wɔde ahyɛ mu pɛn no mu. Wɔ gas ne ngo adwuma akɛse-diameter, high-pressure gas ne ngo adwuma pii mu no, .Wɔfa LSAW (SAWL) sɛ ɔkwan titiriw a wɔfa so yɛ, bere a wɔde ERW/HFW ne SSAW di dwuma wɔ baabi a wɔn ntwemu ne wɔn kɛseyɛ tumi ne design envelope no hyia.

1 LSAW / SAWL – Ɔkwan Titiriw a Wɔde Ma Trunklines a Ɛkorɔn-Ahoɔden

LSAW X70 paipu no yɛ nea wɔyɛ fimprɛte a ɛtrɛwa wɔde UOE anaa JCO akwan na ɛyɛe na wɔde weld di dwumammɔho abien-afã a wɔde ahyɛ nsu ase arc welding. Saa nkabom yi foa soakɛse a ne ntwemu ne afasu a emu yɛ duru, baabi a wohia ma gas trunklines atenten ne po so export nhama a ɛkɔ so wɔ nhyɛso kɛse mu pɛpɛɛpɛ. Wɔde Forming ne welding parameters asi hɔ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a mprɛte ahoɔden, weld ahoɔden ne HAZ toughness nyinaa hyia X70 ahwehwɛde ahorow a atwa ne nyinaa ho ahyia.

LSAW X70 nkyerɛkyerɛmu nneɛma a wɔtaa yɛ no bi ne:

• Full-length UT ma weld seam ne pipe nipadua, a RT wɔ mmeae a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ baabi a ɛho hia
• Stress-relief heat treatment wɔ thick-fasu afã horow so de tew residual stress na ɛma dimensional control tu mpɔn
• Tolerances a ɛyɛ den wɔ out-of-roundness ne straightness so de boa field bending ne offshore installation
• Sampling mmeae a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ base metal, HAZ ne weld metal mu ama tensile ne impact sɔhwɛ

Saa afrafra yi aahoɔden a ɛkorɔn, ɔfasu-thickness tumi ne geometric pɛpɛɛpɛkyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a LSAW taa yɛ ɔkwan a edi kan a wɔfa so yɛ nneɛma a wɔsɔ hwɛ bere a adwuma bi kyerɛ X70 ma trunklines foforo no mu.

2 ERW / HFW ne SSAW – Akwan a Wɔde Ka Ho

LSAW nkata diameter ne wall-thickness nkabom biara so.ERW/HFW ne SSAWhyɛ nsonsonoe ahorow no ma na boa ɔmantam akwammisa ahorow:

ERW / HFW X70 na ɛwɔ hɔ

• Wɔyɛ no fi ɔhyew-rolled coil, slit na wɔyɛɛ ansa na high-frequency welding a longitudinal seam.
• Wɔde di dwuma titiriw wɔ ntwemu nketewa ne mfinimfini a ɔfasu no mu duru yɛ mmerɛw wɔ asase-gyina nhyehyɛe, loops ne station piping mu.
• Wɔnam intanɛt so NDT (UT/EC) so hwɛ weld seam su so; PSL2 nkyerɛkyerɛmu betumi ahwehwɛ sɛ wɔde mpɔtam hɔ PWHT wɔ weld ne HAZ mu.

SSAW / SAWH X70 na ɛwɔ hɔ

• Wɔde coil a wɔayɛ wɔ helical angle a emu ne akyi submerged arc welds na ɛyɛe.
• Ɔde nneɛma pa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ diameters akɛse mu ma baabi a spiral seams yɛ nea wogye tom ma design code ne project specification.
• Mpɛn pii no wɔde ma ne full-length UT of the spiral weld, ne RT a adwuma no hwehwɛ awerɛhyem foforo.

Wɔayɛ akwan no nyinaa tuned sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ aweld ne HAZ su no nyɛ mmerɛw nsen X70 awofo nneɛma no, asɛm titiriw bi bere a wɔde abasobɔde no di dwuma wɔ adwennwen a ɛkɔ soro mu no.

3 UOE ne JCOE Forming ma X70 LSAW Pipe

Plate forming kwan no wɔ nkɛntɛnso tẽẽ wɔ ovality control, residual stress distribution ne ne nyinaa dimensional stability. Wɔ X70 LSAW fam no, abien no nyinaaUOEneJCOEwɔde nkyerɛwde di dwuma kɛse, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a adwuma akuw bisa sɛnea wɔde toto ho fi mfiridwuma mu.

Table 2 – Ntotoeɛ a ɛfa UOE ne JCOE a wɔhyehyɛ ma X70 LSAW line pipe ho:

Su	UOE a Wɔhyehyɛ	JCOE a Wɔhyehyɛ	Nkɛntɛnso a ɛtaa ba wɔ X70 Nnwuma so
Nneɛma a wɔhyehyɛ nnidiso nnidiso	U-mia → O-mia → Ntrɛwmu	J-mia (anamɔn pii-anamɔn) → C-mia → O-mia → Ntrɛwmu	Anamɔn pii wɔ JCOE mu ma tumi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ ɔfasu akɛse ahorow so
Nsusuwii a wɔde di dwuma	Kurukuruwa pa ara wɔ ntrɛwmu akyi	Kurukuruwa pa, mpɛn pii no ne ntrɛwmu a ɛba fam kakra	UOE taa yɛ nea wɔpɛ bere a wɔakyerɛ ovality a ɛyɛ katee no
Ɔfasu no mu duru range	Ahoɔden ma ɔfasu mprɛte a ɛwɔ mfinimfini kosi nea emu yɛ duru	Afei nso ɛfata ma ɔfasu a emu yɛ duru a multi-anammɔn a ɛyɛ	Wɔn baanu nyinaa betumi aboa X70 trunkline ɔfasu a ɛyɛ den a wɔtaa yɛ no
Adwennwen a aka ho nhyehyɛe	Ntrɛwmu taa ma nhyɛso ahorow a atwa OD no ho ahyia no yɛ biako	Anamɔn biara a wɔhyehyɛ no trɛw nhyɛso mu wɔ akwan horow pii so	Ɛtɔ da bi a wɔde JCOE di dwuma bere a wɔpɛ lower forming strain
Production batch a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛdannan nneɛma	Ɛyɛ adwuma yiye ma tɔn akɛse, nsakrae a ɛba fam wɔ ne kɛse mu	Ɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse ma ɛne nsakrae a ɛtaa ba wɔ ne kɛse/ ne kɛse mu	JCOE ye ma mixed-diameter anaa staged delivery projects
Mpɛn pii no, wɔde wɔn adwene si dwumadie so	Mainline afã horow atenten a ɛyɛ pɛ a ɛwɔ tolerances a emu yɛ den	Nnwuma a ɛsono ne kɛse, akwan afã horow a wɔayɛ no staged	Wɔn baanu nyinaa betumi adi X70 ahwehwɛde ahorow ho dwuma bere a nhyehyɛe ahorow no fata no

Paw a wɔpaw wɔ UOE ne JCOE ntam no taa gyina mill nhyehyɛe ne project mix so kɛse sen adwumayɛ mu nsonsonoe titiriw so. Sɛ wɔyɛ, welding ne ntrɛwmu nhyehyɛe ahorow no fata ma X70 ahwehwɛde ahorow wie a, akwan abien no nyinaa betumi de ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn-ahoɔden, low-ovalisation paipu nipadua a ehia ma trunkline som a ɛhwehwɛ pii no ama.

 

 

 

 

X70 tu mmirika bɛn atifi awiei a ɛtaa ba pipeline nhyɛso, enti thennuru a wɔde yɛ nneɛmaɛsɛ sɛ ɛde ahoɔden ne toughness ma a ɛnto weldability mu. Enti wɔkyerɛkyerɛ carbon equivalent (CE) ne microalloying dodow mu wɔ nhama teateaa mu.

Table 3 – Nkyekyɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔahyehyɛ no ma welded API 5L X70 (PSL2, nkyerɛkyerɛmu):

Adeɛ	Nneɛma a Wɔtaa Yɛ (%) .	Dwuma a edi wɔ X70 Welded Line Pipe mu
C	≈ 0.06–0.12	Ɛma ahoɔden a wɔde gyina so; wɔkoraa so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkora weldability so
Mn	≈ 1.40–1.80	Boa ahoɔden ne nkɛntɛnso toughness
P	Ennu anaasɛ ɛne 0.020–0.025 yɛ pɛ	Phosphorus a ɛba fam no brɛ asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ abubu a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no ase
S	Ennu anaasɛ ɛne 0.010–0.015 yɛ pɛ	Sulfur a ɛba fam ma weld ne HAZ adwumayɛ tu mpɔn
Nb, V, Ti (ne nyinaa) .	≈ 0.03–0.10	Aburow a wɔtew so ne osutɔ a wɔhyɛ mu den

PSL2 ahwehwɛde a ɛtaa ba ma X70 welded pipe no bi ne:

• Anohyeto a ɛwɔ soro ma CEIIW ne/anaasɛ PCM sɛ ɛbɛma preheat ne interpass ahwehwɛde ahorow akɔ so ayɛ nea ɛfata
• Anohyeto a ɛwɔ Nb + V + Ti nyinaa ne microalloy a ɛwɔ mu ankorankoro so
• Optional controls wɔ Cu, Ni, Cr ne Mo so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛne medium ne welding akwan no bɛyɛ pɛ
• Toughness ne hardness gyinapɛn foforo wɔ ɔfasu afã horow a emu yɛ duru- anaa akwan a ɔhyew a ɛba fam-mu

Nhyɛso a ɛte saa no bɛyɛ nea ɛho hia titiriw bere aa ɛkorɔn-ahoɔden X70no ne wim tebea a ɛyɛ nwini, nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a ɛkorɔn anaasɛ mpoano nkabom ka ho.

 

 

Wobetumi de Welded X70 ama wɔ envelope a ne kɛse trɛw so. Mill tumi de anohyeto ahorow a edi mũ si hɔ, nanso adwuma a wɔpaw a wɔtaa yɛ no hyɛ mmeae a ɛwɔ ase hɔ no mu.

Table 4 – Nsusuwii a ɛtaa ba ma welded X70 line pipe (a ɛkyerɛ):

Adeɛ	Range / Nkyerɛkyerɛmu
Abɔnten Diameter	Bɛyɛ. 4" – 56" (≈ 114 – 1422 mm) .
Ɔfasu a Ɛyɛ Den	Bɛyɛ 6 – 35 mm, a wɔde nhyɛso ne sɛnea ɛgyina pintinn nhwehwɛmu na ɛkanyan
Tenten	SRL / DRL, anaa project-atwa pɔtee-kɔ-tenten
Awiei Finish	Plain end (PE) anaa beveled awiei (BE) ma afuw mu welding
Nneɛma a ɛyɛ tẽẽ	Mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ ≈ 0.15 % wɔ paipu tenten mu

Nneɛma a wɔyɛe wɔonshore high-nhyɛso gas nhamampɛn pii no wɔde diameters akɛse a ɔfasu no mu duru a ɛkɔ fam bom de kari pɛ wɔ tumi ne welding adwumayɛ mu. X70 a wɔde di dwuma wɔpo so nneɛma a wɔde kɔ amannɔne anaasɛ wɔde kɔ asase sompɛn pii no ɛwɔ afasu a ɛyɛ den a ɛbɛko atia abɔnten nhyɛso, benkum ne adesoa a wɔde si hɔ, ne anohyeto a emu yɛ den a ɛfa ovality ne mpɔtam hɔ geometric sintɔ ahorow ho.

Nneɛma a wɔde kata so-te sɛFBE, 3LPE, 3LPP ne kɔnkrit mu duru a wɔde kata soAfei wɔakyerɛ -sɛ wɔde bedi asiane a ɛwɔ nsɛe mu ho dwuma, wɔ-ase a ɛyɛ den ne ɔhyew adwumayɛ wɔ ɔkwan no so.

 

 

X70 yɛ adwuma wɔ adwennwen a ɛkorɔn mu sen grades a ɛba fam, enti nhwehwɛmu ne sɔhwɛ yɛ nea ɛkɔ akyiri. Wobetumi abɔ ananmusifo nhyehyɛe a wɔde yɛ welded X70 paipu no mua sɛnea edidi so yi:

Table 5 – Nhwɛsoɔ nhwehwɛmu ne sɔhwɛ matrix ma welded API 5L X70:

Ɔfa	Ahwehwɛde a ɛtaa ba ma X70 Welded Pipe
Hydrostatic sɔhwɛ	100 % of pipes, sɔhwɛ nhyɛso a wɔde design code asisi hɔ
Weld nhama NDT	100 % UT / RT / EC gyina nhyehyɛe ne PSL level so
Pipe nipadua NDT	UT ma LSAW/SSAW, nhwehwɛmu foforo wɔ adwuma no spec biara mu
Tensile sɔhwɛ ahorow	Per ɔhyew ne thickness range
Charpy nkɛntɛnso sɔhwɛ ahorow	Wɔhwehwɛ ma PSL2 wɔ ɔhyew ne beae a wɔapene so
DWTT	Mpɛn pii no, wɔkyerɛ ma gas a wɔde fa nnipa ne afasu a emu yɛ duru
Dimensional nhwehwɛmu ahorow	OD, ɔfasu, ovality, tẽẽ, awiei geometry
Coating nhwehwɛmu	Holiday sɔhwɛ ne visual per coating specification

Mpɛn pii no, adansi akuw de wɔn adwene si so kɛsewelding nhyehyɛe ho ahwehwɛde (WPS/PQR) .bere a wo ne X70 reyɛ adwuma no. Nneɛma a wɔtaa de wɔn adwene si so no bi ne:

• Ɔhyew a ɛba ne interpass ɔhyew anohyeto
• Weld dade ahoɔden a ɛne ne ho hyia anaasɛ kakra overmatching vs. X70 base dade
• Hardness ne HAZ toughness nokwaredi, titiriw ma mfiri welding
• Control of misalignment, weld reinforcement ne nkae nhyɛso wɔ girth welds

Akwan a wɔfata yie-ne adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔatete wɔn ma kwan ma wɔde X70 nkwaa sisi hɔ wɔ mainline production rates so berɛ a wɔda so ara di quality ahwehwɛdeɛ a ɛyɛ den ho dwuma.

 

 

Pipeline wuranom taa paw wɔn tiawaAPI 5L X70 weld nhama paipubere a ɛsɛ sɛ grade biako ka nhyɛso a ɛkorɔn a wɔayɛ, ɔkwan tenten a wɔfa so ne ɔfasu no mu duru a wotumi di ho dwuma bom. Nsɛm a ɛtaa ba no bi ne gas trunklines foforo a ɛfa mmeae a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri, nhama a wɔde kɔ amannɔne ne nea ɛkɔ asase so a wɔakyekyere wɔ mpoano mfuw mu, ne uprated loops anaa replacement segments wɔ akwan a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw a ɛsɛ sɛ tumi ne ahoɔden margin nyinaa kɔ soro a paipu mu duru ntra so.

Octal Pipe boa saa nnwuma yi de welded X70 to API 5L PSL1 ne PSL2 wɔ ERW/HFW, LSAW ne SSAW ahodoɔ mu, a ɛne ne kɛseɛ hyia, ɔfasuo no mu duru, coating system ne inspection scope a ɛne adwuma no nkyerɛkyerɛmu hyia. Wobetumi ayɛ nhyehyɛe ama nnipa a wɔto so abiɛsa-dansedi a BV, DNV, SGS anaa nnwumakuw afoforo a wɔapaw wɔn de ma no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a X70 nneɛma ho kyerɛwtohɔ a ahoɔden kɛse -wɔ no bɛka nsu afiri nhyehyɛe ne QA/QC nhyehyɛe no nyinaa ho yiye.